"The universe always contains the same
quantity of motion." - R. Descartes.
"The motion is the only way of existence of matter. There
was nowhere and never and there is no matter without motion... Matter without motion is
as inconceivable as motion without matter. Therefore the motion is as increatable and
undestroyable as matter itself - ... : the quantity of existing motion in the universe
is always the same." - F. Engels.
"There is nothing in the universe except matter
in motion." - V.I. Lenin.
These three postulating quotations put the corner-stones
to our cognition of the general theory of evolution of the universe.
So Matter is the objective reality, the nature of which are
different forms of motion, being itself her attribute. Hence there is nothing in the
universe except motion, all existing construction material is motion. Matter is
woven with motion. Any particle of any substance is a regulated motion of micro motions;
any event is a determinated motion of elements of the system of motions. It is possible
to resolve mentally any phenomena, events or substance into different forms of motion as
well as out of different forms of motion in conformity with certain Laws it is possible
to synthesize any phenomena, event or substance of Matter. Therefore in order to know
how it happens it is necessary to learn the Laws, that regulate different forms of
motion of Matter.
Until now the motion of Matter is associated on
the whole only with her motion in space and in time while the attention
of researchers was drawn mainly to technical problems of calculating and measuring
distances in space and intervals in time, disregarding fundamental problems of the
space and of the time.
However, as it is well known, the first rather clear positive
ideas about what Space and Time are were expressed by the Greek thinkers of the classical
period (the geometry of Apollony, Euclid, Archimedes, the ideas about time of Aristotle
and Lucretius). Since the epoch of Galileo and especially since the epoch of Newton,
space and time became integral components of the world and of the scientific view of
the Universe. Moreover, the physical space started to be treated with the backing of
the geometry of Euclid and time - to be interpreted by analogy with geometrical
coordinate. The object of the Science became the description and explanation of things
and their alterations in space and time. Space and time were mutually independent and
were forming the objective, precisely determined and given to us primordial background.
Everything could change except the spatial-temporal system of coordinates itself. This
system seemed to be so invariable, that Kant considered it as a priori and
moreover as a product of the intellectual intuition.
The comprehension of relativity of motion was realised only
at the time of Descartes, because all equations of motion and their solutions were made
in determinate systems of coordinates, and a system of coordinates is a conceptional
but not a physical object. Consequently, though motion was relativised in a system of
coordinates, the latter was considered as attached to the absolute space.
And only about a hundred years ago the idea was mentioned
for the first time that any motion should be attributed to some system of counting off.
Though what was offered in fact was a model of a physical system of counting off made
with the help of a geometrical coordinates' system, and accordingly that could not entail
any transformations in mathematics as it was only semantic alteration, but it was enough
to make the concept of the absolute space depart. After that one could already suppose
that if in the universe though one body was existing it could not move as motion is
possible only relatively to some material system of counting off. That is why quite
irrespective of acting forces the concept of motion started to be meant for the system
having at least two bodies. And if the Universe was quite empty then there was neither
space nor time. The physical space exists only in the case that there are physical systems
(bodies, fields, quantum-mechanical substances, etc.). So the time exists only due to the
fact that these systems are changeable in this or that way. The static universe would
possess spatial features but would have no time.
Thus the reasonable philosophy of space and time
in contradistinction to the purely mathematical theory of space and time started
to proceed from the assumption that space is a system of concrete relations
between physical objects and time is some function of modifications which
are going on in these objects. In other words it became a relative but not an
absolute theory of space and time.
The next phase in the progress of the theory of motion became
the Special theory of relativity developed by A. Einstein in 1905 which revealed:
a) that space and time are not mutually independent,
one from the other, but represent themselves as components of some unity of higher
order named the space-time which disintegrates into space and time relatively a certain
system of counting off;
b) that length and duration are not absolute, that is
not independent from a system of counting off but become shorter or longer exactly due
to the motion of a system of counting off;
c) that there are no more purely spatial vector
magnitudes and mere scalars: three-dimensional vectors become spatial components of
four-dimensional vectors, which temporal components are likewise to scalars of the past.
Meanwhile the fourth coordinate has quite another meaning than the other three coordinates
and temporal component of a spatial-temporal interval has its own symbol contrary to a
symbol of spatial components. Due to these and other reasons, time in the special theory
of relativity is not equivalent to space though it is tightly linked with it.
The Special theory of relativity practically added very little
to render concrete the concept of motion, since space and time are not more important in
it than it was in the till-relativist physics; this theory says really nothing about what
the space-time means except as a description of its metrical characteristic. Philosophical
aspect of space and time was not broached in it.
The theory of gravitation or the General theory of relativity
developed by A. Einstein in 1915 did its bit in the cognition of physical characteristics
of spatial-temporal motion. According to this theory, space and time are not only
relativist (but not absolute) and relative (that is relevant to a system of counting off)
but they also depend on everything that the world contains. So the metrical characteristics
of space-time (that is a spatial-temporal interval and tensor of curvature) should be
considered now as dependent on allocation of substance and field in the Universe: the more
density of substance and field, the more space is curvatured, the more trajectories of rays
and particle are curvatured, the faster clocks are going. According to the General theory
of relativity a body or a beam of light generates gravitational fields and the latter are
reacting to the former. The interaction is telling on the structure of the space-time.
If all substances, fields, quantum-mechanical systems disappear, then according to basic
equations of the General theory of relativity the space-time would not only continue to
exist but also would retain its rimmanov structure. But it would not be physical space-time.
What would remain would be a mathematical system of counting off and have no physical
meaning. As a whole the General theory of relativity has not yet received the proper
philosophical generalisation due to the fact that its mathematical apparatus is extremely
difficult to understand.
One can say nearly the same about physical researches studying
processes that are going on in the whole Universe. During the last decades cosmology
stopped being a separate autonomous science and became the highest applied field of
physics - megaphysics, studying the problems of the space-time in all the volume: cosmic
space and eternity as a whole. But to imagine the evolution of the whole Universe during
several temporal eras and give preference to one of many defending hypotheses of its
formation on the basis of the astrophysical argumentation is still not enough. That
can be done only with the help of serious philosophical research ruling out various
antiscientific imaginations.
Hence nowadays the human cognition has reached such a level
when our ideas regarding space and time stop being purely natural scientific and
transform more and more into philosophical problems, the solution of which at last
would give the possibility to reply to such fundamental questions: what is space
and time, how they are linked with existence and coming-to-be, what part they
are taking in the evolution of material forms in general.
Motion in space.
So for dialectical understanding of the structure and the Evolution
of Matter one should underline the following: the motion in space is tightly linked
with the motion in time - motion in space cannot be without motion in time. The motion
in space has a dual characteristic. First of all it includes the motion of a material
spot, or a system relatively another spot, or a system of counting off that is relative
spatial motion. It can take place only in more space in comparison with elements of
motion size of space and is typical only for those material spots and subsystems which
are set in motion within this space. Meanwhile their own spatial size of elements
of motion themselves remains constant and they only consecutively occupy the volume
necessary for them inside a hyperspace, leaving free exactly the same volume behind
them. Models of a relative type of motion in the space-time can be relative
displacements of an individual photon, molecule, car or planet.
But the motion of these material spots and bodies, being
considered apart from the whole system of similar units, is a particular case of
motion of elements of this system in a hyperspace. In other words, if a molecule
of gas substance in motion occupies successively one and the same volume of space
S (while 
and the
occupied volume itself 
, that is constant and equal to a theoretical figure) then a system
of molecules - theoretical gas flying away to different destinations in the
open space occupies more and more volume (while during each temporal interval
and velocity
of diffusing in space equal to 
). Such spatial motion should be considered as absolute and
it characterises a spatial field occupied by a material system of linked similar
units. Models of such motion can be a diffusion of gases and liquids, a flying away
of photons of light from its source, etc. If in natural scientific researches mainly
the first relative type of motion in space is studied then for philosophical
understanding of Dialectics of Matter its second absolute type is more important that
is combined spatial displacements of all similar elements linked in a system.
Finishing a short excursus into 'space' let us define more
precisely its relative commensurability for systematic formations. In everyday practice
to measure space one can use the ordinary 'metre'. But the distance to one of the
visible distant galaxies comes to 1025 m, while the diameter of a proton
is equal to 10-15 m. Therefore there are grounds to agree with a logical
conclusion that all the lengths surrounding us of space can be expressed with any
magnitude from 10-n to 10n metres where n can take any significance
from 0 to 
.
This is an exegesis of universality of space and other
forms of existence of Matter as well: from infinity into the depths till infinity
into hypersphere.
In everyday practice people usually use magnitudes from
10-4 m (the thickness of a sheet of paper) to 106 m. But because
of our inability to measure distances less 10-30 and more 1030
metres it would be wrong to consider that forms of motion of Matter do not exist
in spatial intervals with 
.
Directions of motion in space have a purely formal
meaning in a philosophical research due to the isotropy of space.
Motion in time.
As it is well known any motion in space is tightly linked with
the other form of motion of Matter - the motion in time. Any combination of
these two motions creates an event.
The motion in time has the same dual characteristic
as motion of material forms in space. Let us look up at a second hand of a
watch turning around its axis. Every moment of time it occupies a certain location
corresponding to a temporal locality on the coordinate of time. In the next moment
it leaves this location, occupying the next one. Together with the tip of a second
hand we are steadily moving from one temporal point to another, leaving the former
and getting into the next one while the temporal intervals themselves selected by
us are equal. Such motion in time should be considered as relative, for temporal
intervals successively alternate each other. Their magnitude can be different. For
contrasting it is enough to compare the speed of displacement of a point of counting
off associated with the end of an hour hand with the speed of a point of counting off
associated with the end of a plane's turning propeller. The difference of temporal
intervals related to a unit of angular or spatial displacement is obvious.
As our first example we took an event with duration of
one second. But if we take an event with duration of one hour then it is possible
to divide its temporal interval into 60 minutes or 3600 seconds. Seconds can be counted
starting from the first one into an accumulating total. Although we shall feel ourselves
only in the interval of the most recent second the total duration of the event in fact
will continue as a sum of all second's intervals starting from the first one. Such summary
increase of time during the process of the duration of an event should be related to as
absolute motion in time. Consequently after the completion of any event or in its absence,
and no absolute
motion in time occurs. Due to this fact it is possible to declare that motion in time
or growth of time 
exists only for events combined also with other changes, but for an onlooker always
situated in the actual point of count off, the growth of time practically does not happen
and it remains constantly as t0. As for the motion in time, an onlooker, i.e.
you and me, can judge only by indirect indications, revealing by that his capacity for
abstract thinking.
At present events with different temporal intervals are known:
from 10-22 sec. (the duration of one vibration of a proton in a nucleus) to
1018 seconds (a supposed period of existence of the Sun in the form of a star).
In everyday practice people use temporal intervals from 10-8 sec. (the time of
crossing a room by light) to 109 seconds (the continuance of life of a human
being).
But also as in case with 'space' we can assume that duration
of events' intervals can be of any magnitude from 10-n sec. to 10n
seconds where n takes any significance from 0 to .
When speaking about the direction of time's progress and its
reversibility we can note the following: if a point of count off of spatial coordinates
can be joined with any spot in space and transferred arbitrarily to another spot
(following the principle of their equivalent relativity), and any such transference can
have a positive symbol, then a point of counting off of the temporal coordinate makes its
forward motion only strictly in one direction, measuring off temporal intervals of the
development of this or that system or event. Due to this the temporal point of counting
off is as if it eats intervals lying ahead of it, changing the symbol of the absolute
Time from + to - or vice versa. Hence if we agree the sum of temporal intervals remained
till some event to consider with the positive symbol then a point of counting off after
a time interval
will convert a portion of positive intervals into negative ones. And vice versa, if we
agree to consider the duration of development of some process as a sum of positive temporal
intervals then intervals not yet added further along the line of the temporal coordinate
will be considered as negative and the instantaneous point of count off moving along the
coordinate will change the symbol of intervals from - to +. As in our practice we meet
this phenomenon constantly we should have clear knowledge about it.
?? Motion in quality.
It appears now to be impossible to describe all the diversity of Matter's
forms surrounding us only with the motion in space-time. We for sure feel the lack of
something else that would unite all phenomena happening continually in the world into
a unified chart of its creation and evolution. Such third kind of motion is the
motion of Matter in quality that is not cognised, in fact, until now, not yet
recognised formally by anyone and is being ignored unfairly by everybody. The Science,
disregarding this type of motion of Matter, is incapable even nowadays to submit
distinct, full, objective and definite explanations of causality in most events and
phenomena, that are going on around us in the Universe.
But as far back as more than one hundred years ago Leo N. Tolstoj
proclaimed that all these phenomena depend at least on three parameters: "To imagine
a person," he wrote in his famous philosophical novel War and the Society,
"completely free, not being bound by the law of necessity then we should imagine him
quite alone out of space, out of time and out of depending on causes"
(underlined by L.N. Tolstoj).
In his Philosophical Notebooks V.I. Lenin later defined
that "functionality ... can be a type of causality". And as is well known a
function is an outward display of qualitative characteristics of some object in a given
system of relationship.
But the most precise definition of obligatoriness to consider the
organisation of constructing Matter through triple motion was given by F. Engels in
Dialectics of Nature. "...There are also many qualitative changes to be taken
into account," he wrote, "whose dependence on quantitative change is by no means
proven. ... Any motion includes mechanical motion, change of place of the largest or
smallest portions of matter; to obtain knowledge of this mechanical motion is the first task
of science, but only its first task. But this mechanical motion does not exhaust
motion as a whole. Motion is not merely a change of place [that is motion in space-time -
I.K.], in fields higher than mechanics it is also change of quality."
(my emphasis - I.K.).
Among opinions on this subject of our contemporaries one should
note the definition of the Russian academician A.I. Oparin, who characterised "the
process of evolution of matter as the way of genesis of new, not existing before
qualities" (my emphasis - I.K.). Thus in order to create a full picture of
the formation and evolution of the material World it is necessary to observe the motion
of material forming in three equivalent philosophical categories: in space -
time - quality.
And indeed, everyone can be easily persuaded in this actuality
while just analysing the simplest examples. Let us imagine some close volume of space
),
,
)
, the gas
will fill the given volume completely and absolute motion in space-time for the given
portion of substance of Matter of the assigned qualitative level will terminate. In
other words, after the system condition of the given substance of similar quality in
a theoretically closed volume of space is balanced, its further absolute motion in
space-time does not exercise any more.
If that can be possible for some part of Matter during some
period of time, then the general Evolution of aggregate Matter does not permit the absence
of absolute motion in space-time since it is the principal requirement of its actuality.
That is why besides the absolute motion in space-time there is also the motion of
material forms in quality.
What should we understand with this?
According to an ordinary definition quality is a structurally
undivided combination of indications, features of some substance or a thing revealed in
a system of relations with other substances or things. Quality is the essential
determination of substance due to which it is just this substance but not any other one
and it makes certain difference with other substances. Hence each qualitative form of
Matter has its own definite composition of peculiarities and signs which it reveals while
relating with other forms of Matter. But as it is well known an external revealing of
qualitative characteristics of an object in a presumed system of relations is its
function. That is why with a change of qualitative characteristics of some
substance its functional characteristics are changing as well.
Hence a change in quality or a motion in quality
one should consider as motion in functional heterogeneity of substances realised through
systemic organisation of material forms.
At the same time the motion in quality is as tightly
linked with the motion in time as the motion in space. Without motion in
time it is impossible to imagine qualitative changes, it is an independent variable of
the said interrelation. Therefore the motion in quality one should comprehend
only as motion in quality-time.
Equally as with motion in space or time,
the motion in quality can be relative or absolute. Changes of functional
characteristics of some material formations by comparison with others are the relative
motion in quality. Summary accumulation of functional characteristics by all forms
of the aggregate Matter is the absolute motion in quality and it is important
precisely for philosophical comprehension of dialectical Evolution.
Functional features of any material formation can be revealed
only in a system of relations with other similar elements. A single, isolated material
formation cannot reveal its functional peculiarities and be used for material development.
Thus the possession of quality or a functional definition dictates to every element the
necessity to be included into some system of relations with other material formations, and
in the process of those relations its inherent features are realised. Due to this principle
the motion of Matter in quality entails a compulsory systemic composition of material
forms being at the same time its main reason. All elements of known systemic formations
depending on their functional peculiarities make different spatial-temporal displacements
during which their peculiarities are revealing. The said displacements strictly correlated
with spatial-temporal intervals of absolute motion in space-time are representing
functional algorithms while every algorithm is pre-determined by functional
characteristics of this or that material formation in a given system of relations.
The absolute motion in quality constantly adds these or
those features to material formations being in that way the reason of appearance of new
functional algorithms which in their turn are leading to the organisation of new systemic
structures. So the motion of Matter in quality-time determines the permanency
of the process of systemic organisation of material forms in that degree in which the
quality itself serves as a determinant of systemness of the Evolution of Matter.
Evolution.
The three forms of motion of Matter examined by us one can consider at the
same time as her unified motion in the three equivalent philosophical categories united
by the common attribute belonging to Matter. This unified motion itself regulated by
strictly definite rules is directed to provide the existence of Matter itself spread
along the objective reality.
Furthermore, the motion of Matter in three categories ensures
not only her existence but it is leading as well to the evolution of her structures'
organisation. That is why any modification of structural features of Matter happens as
a consequence of motion of her forms in space-time-quality through augmentations
along three coordinates:
qualitative, temporal and spatial (disintegrated into three components). The general
resulting line ultimately would be a tensor of the Evolution of Matter. Thus one can
interpret the Evolution of Matter in a simplified manner as a regular appearance of new
qualitative features ,
their stretching in space 
, for which they need certain time . Without motion of Matter through her forms in
quality-space-time neither the evolution nor even her existence is possible:
a) motion in quality
(
) - is realised
by means of the modification of functional characteristics of one system of material
spots or localities in comparison with another one. This motion originates qualitative
heterogeneity of the Evolution and its systemic organisation;
b) motion in space
(
) - by means of
displacement of one material spot or locality (or a system of spots or localities)
relatively another one. By this kind of motion the voluminity of the Evolution is
being achieved;
c) motion in time
(
) - fixes duration
of events and is passing from the past through now to the future.
By this motion the Evolution's irreversibility is secured.
All the three forms of motion in the aggregate are dictating
the direction of the tensor of Matter's evolution which sense formula is the following:
It is necessary to underline once again that all events of
material reality have as their basis an obligatory combination of all three forms of
motion. An exclusion from this triune motion of motion in quality
))
An abstraction from one of the forms of motion would give
us particular episodes:
a) in a hypothetically closed space
)
",
b) in a hypothetically frizzed time
)
",
c) in a hypothetically limited
qualitative spectrum )
",
Any from the above said abstractions can be entirely theoretical
or artificial because in the genuine World the motion of Matter is realised in all the
three categories generating systemic formations containing two interlinked components as
minimum relative each one to the other in space-time. The elements, being united into
a unified system and possessing definite functional features, acquire an intrasystemic
potential determining the nature of their motion in space-time and regulations
of their intrasystemic existence. Any modification of systemic organisation of material
formations, its complication and improvement, are real results of the motion in
quality-time. Peculiarities of precisely this motion, its driving force
and structural mechanics, we shall be examining in the course of our research.
Energy.
The description of forms of Matter will not be complete if we do not
analyse one more very important philosophical category - energy.
Energy in the general understanding is a measure
of motion of Matter. Another definition characterises it as a function of
condition of a system.
The motion of Matter in quality-space-time is going on not
capriciously but complying with the severe law of constancy of the sum total of energy. And
if for an inertial material spot moving evenly straightforward the magnitude of energy is
simple and equals Ek, then for a system of a great number of spots the quantity
of energy will be expressed by the formula:
This formula in a certain way discloses the mechanism and
intercausation of all forms of motion of Matter as well as its regulations. Substituting
in the formula the expression of value of velocity 
, we shall receive the regularity of the absolute
motion of material forms in space-time. For an uncoordinated multitude of spots the
total energy will be:
where mi - a sum of qualitatively similar spots.
A combination of a number of spots into some stable (that
is having a definite temporal interval) system, pre-determining the character of their
motion in space-time, originates a kind of a material point of a higher organisational
order with its own functional features and with potential energy Epi.
Meanwhile Ek of the whole system will decrease and a total energy will
be characterized by the detailed formula.
If the entire sum of a multitude of uncoordinated spots will
unite into an integral system constituting a unified material point or a sum of points
of a higher order (with obligatory change of their functional characteristics), then a
total summary kinetic energy of this multitude of spots of a qualitatively lower order
will turn into potential energy of the point-system of a higher organizational order,
that is as though the kinetic energy of uncoordinated spots or particles gets completely
stuck in a systemic structure they are inserted in, turning into energy of intrasystemic
connection.
And vice versa, during desintegration of a material system
of a higher order its potential energy of intrasystemic connection is being transformed
into the kinetic energy of a multitude of spots of lower systemic order. As prototypes
of described processes can serve reactions of synthesis and desintegration in physics
phenomena, association and dissociation - in chemical ones, etc.
As a whole the energy constant affects most directly both the
motion of material forms in space-time and their systemic reorganisation during
motion in quality-time. Due to this an isotropic and volumetric space of every
preceding systemic organisation of level n appears to be a field of growth of entropy
of succeeding qualitative levels of the evolving aggregate Matter in proportion as even
temporal intervals are running while a constant sum of energy of the whole Material
substance secures a static balance of this Evolution.
